Gross scheduled income (GSI)

represents the total of monthly rents for the particular property, including the potential rents from vacant units and uncollectable rents.

Vacancy and Credit Loss

represents the part of the potential rental income that is lost because of unoccupied units or uncollectable rent from tenants.

Gross Operating Income (GOI)

is the actual income which is expected to be collected in the property.

Operating Expenses

are expenses necessary for maintaining the property and ensuring its continued ability to produce income (doesn’t include mortgage payments or depreciation).

Net Operating Income (NOI)

is simply the gross operating income minus operating expenses.

Cash Flow

represents all the inflows and outflows of cash for a certain property (including mortgage payments). We can calculate cash flow before taxes (CFBT) or cash flow after taxes (CFAT) which is CFBT minus any tax liability arising from the operation of the property.

Operating Expense Ratio

is the ratio of the operating expenses to the gross operating income (GOI).

Break-Even Ratio (BER)

is another benchmark used by mortgage lenders. It estimates how vulnerable is a certain property to defaulting on its mortgage if part of the rental income is declined. Most of the lenders are looking for BER of 85% or less.

Financial Effectiveness

Net Present Value (NPV)

is probably the best measure of any investment thanks to its complexity. It takes into account all future cash flows including the selling price, and it converts all these amounts to their present values using discount rate required by the investor. Therefore in contrast from most of the measurements, NPV count fully with the time value of money. More information and example is on the blog.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

is a rate which an investment will return over the estimated period of ownership. It is in fact the discount rate that produces NPV of zero.

Profitability Index

is very similar to NPV. It also calculates with the present values of future cash flows and discount rate, therefore it takes in account the time value of money. Profitability index is a ratio which shows if the present value of the cash flows is worth the initial investment.

House P/E Ratio

is often used when measuring other investment tools, such as stocks. The Real Estate P/E ratio counts with the initial investment and annual net operating income.

Cash on Cash Return

is in fact equity dividend rate. It is a ratio between annual cash flow before taxes and the total initial investment, expressed as a percentage. It is not an exact measurement of an investment, because it does not take in account the future value of money.

Return on Investment

is very similar to Cash on Cash Return, but also takes in account appreciation of the property in the first year.

Return on Equity

is one of the financial measures used as well on other types of investments. In Real Estate the return means cash flow after taxes (CFAT) and equity is the initial investment.

Gross Rental Yield

can be used for a particular property or also as a market indicator when using median values of rent and house prices. It is counted from gross scheduled rent and initial investment.

Capitalization Rate

is calculated as ratio of the net operating income and the value of the property. It is in fact the discount rate, used for discounting the future income to determine its present value.

Gross Rent Multiplier

is counted as a ratio of market value of the property and gross scheduled income.

Financing Overview and Analysis